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Money and Credit


Banks and Non-Bank Finance (5/12/2010)

Banks may be able to expand money supply through fractional-reserve loans, but more and more loans and other financing are channeled through the non-bank finance sector.

Keywords: asset-backed securities, banks, bond market, capital markets, credit expansion, debt, debt market, fractional reserve system, loans, money expansion, money market, stock markets, venture capital

Bond Free? (5/12/2010)

Treasury bonds are important instruments in regulating the money supply.

Keywords: budget deficit, budget surplus, debt, interest rate, money supply, quantitative easing, Treasury bonds

Bonds vs Stocks (1/23/2010)

Bonds and stocks are alternative means of business financing where bonds offer steady income while stocks offer potentially substantial capital gains to investors.

Keywords: coupon rate, default, investment grade spread, junk bonds, rating agencies, Treasury bonds, yield

Bubble Economics (6/17/2010)

Run-away securitization of housing mortgages abetted by loose credit rating, shaky credit default swaps, and cheap money led to a huge housing bubble in the US.

Keywords: ABS, Asset-backed securities, bubble, CDO, CDS, collateralized debt obligations, credit default swaps, interest rate, mortgage-backed securities, rating agencies, securitization, subprime loans

Easy Money Is Anything but Easy (2/22/2012)

Easy money has unintended consequences.

Keywords: asset bubble, capital flows, expectation, floating exchange rate, monetary policy

Hong Kong Housing Boom (1/21/2010)

The low interest rates intended to stimulate the recessed US economy after the US housing bust in 2007 – 2009 have inadvertently led to a housing boom in Hong Kong when Hong Kong has to lower its interest rates to defend its dollar peg.

Keywords: apartment, dollar peg, foreign exchange, housing boom, housing bust, inflation, mortgage, real interest rates

Hot Money (2/22/2012)

Speculative capital inflows have wreaked havoc in the destination economies.

Keywords: capital flows, contagion, euro crisis, exchange rate, hot money, market intervention, money economy, price ceiling, quantitative easing, real economy, Swiss franc, trade balance

Leveraging and Deleveraging (5/13/2010)

The leverage cycle could amplify business cycles apart from routine monetary policies via interest rates.

Keywords: ABS, asset-backed securities, CDO, collateralized debt obligation, deleverage, equity, interest rates, Leverage, leverage cycle, margin call, positive feedback

Liquidity Trap (6/17/2010)

Even with short-term interest rates close to zero, the US economy has failed to respond to cheap money because of anemic bank lending.

Keywords: inflation rate, interest rate spread, interest rates, lending, Liquidity trap, loans, negative interest rates, nominal interest rates, real interest rates, yield curve

Money Multiplier (11/2/2011)

The creation process of money in a fractional-reserve banking system.

Keywords: fractional reserve system, money multiplier, reserve ratio

Money multiplier (transcript) (11/18/2010)

In a fractional reserve banking system, the Central Bank needs to print only a fraction of the total money supply. This fraction depends on the average circulation needs of the banking customers. The rest of the money supply could be created by banks through loans.

Keywords: Central Bank, demand deposits, excess reserves, Federal Reserve, fractional reserves, fractional-reserve banking, loans, money, money multiplier, required reserves, reserves

Quantitative Easing - How It Works (2/1/2012)

The Bank of England is injecting money directly into the economy to meet the inflation target.

Keywords: bonds, financial assets, inflation target, money supply, quantitative easing, spending

Savers, Suckers? (5/12/2010)

Savers are collateral damage in the Fed’s attempt to resuscitate a comatose economy during the Great Recession.

Keywords: bailout, borrowers, CD, certificates of deposit, FDIC, Fed funds rates, housing bubble, interest rate, money market funds, mortgage, quantitative easing, recession, savers, Saving, spenders, the Fed, Treasury bonds, yield

The Yield Curve (1/23/2010)

The yield curve depicts how yields of Treasury debts vary with their borrowing durations.

Keywords: inflation, inflation breakeven rate, recovery, TIPS, Treasury bonds, Treasury inflation-protected securities, yield curve, yield gap

Too Big to Fail (6/18/2010)

Some financial institutions could commit moral hazard by leveraging their implicit high credit ratings and tax-payer guarantees to load up on high-risk debts and obligations.

Keywords: AIG, bailouts, bankruptcy, Citibank, credit default swaps, credit ratings, Fannie Mae, FDIC, Freddie Mac, JP Morgan Chase, leverage, Moral hazard, securitized debt, subprime mortgage, too big to fail

Under Water (1/22/2010)

Securitization of mortgage loans has fueled a US housing bubble whose bursting has put one in four mortgages under water.

Keywords: CDS, credit default swaps, housing bubble, mortgage-backed securities, rating agencies, securitization, subprime loans

Who Needs Casinos? (1/21/2010)

Unregulated credit default swaps (CDS) gave shaky coverage to subprime loans.

Keywords: asset-backed securities (ABS), contracts, credit default swaps (CDS), derivatives, insurance, mortgage-back securities (MBS), subprime loans

Who Rates the Raters? (6/17/2010)

Bond rating agencies found it hard to serve both the interests of bond investors and bond issuers since they were directly paid by bond issuers for favorable ratings.

Keywords: bond, Investment grade, mortgage-backed securities, rating agencies, subprime mortgage

You Got (Credit Card Solicitation) Mail! (1/21/2010)

The volume of credit card solicitations is an indicator of the cycle of credit expansion and credit contraction.

Keywords: credit card, credit contraction, credit expansion, Post Office, subprime loans, USPS